Introduction
Phenazone (INN; also known as phenazon, antipyrine (USAN), or analgesine) is an analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and an antipyretic.1 It is formed by reducing diortho- dinitrodiphenyl with sodium amalgam and methyl alcohol, or by heating diphenylene-ortho-dihydrazine with hydrochloric acid to 150 °C. Phenazone contains not less than 99.0 per cent and not more than the equivalent of 100.5 per cent of 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one calculated with reference to the dried substance.2 Antipyrine is an analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver.3 Lidocaine is an amine-amide local anesthetic, chemically known as 2-(diethyl-amino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide(Figure 1).4 Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses, thereby effecting local anesthetic action.5
Literature survey revealed, few analytical methods which include UV-spectrophotometric methods.6, 7, 8, 9, 10 liquid chromatographic methods11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 have been reported for estimation of PNZ. However, to our knowledge, no information related to the stability-indicating HPLC determination of PNZ in pharmaceutical dosage forms has ever been mentioned in literature. According to the stability test guidelines issued by ICH,17, 18 in the present study the stress induced stability studies were carried out for PNZ and LID to establish its stability characteristics. Hence, an attempt has been made to develop an accurate, specific and reproducible method for the determination of PNZ and LID in combined dosage forms in presence of degradation product for the content analysis during stability studies from pharmaceutical dosage form.
Experimental Work
Materials and Reagents
Pharmaceutical grade of Phenazone and Lidocaine HCL kindly supplied as a gift sample by Glenmark Pharmaceutical Ltd., Nashik, India. All chemicals and reagents used were of HPLC of analytical grade and were purchased from Merck Chemical. India. Analytical grade sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide were used.
Instrumentation and chromatographic conditions
Agilent technologies 1260 LC system with gradient pump connected to DAD UV detector, LC-GC AGN204PO balance was used for all weighing An Agilent zorbax eclipse C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) was maintained at 30°C. The mobile phase was composed of a mixture of phosphate buffer pH 2.5, acetonitrile, Methanol 70:20:10 (V/V/V). The flow rate of the mobile phase was set at 1.5 mL min-1. Measurements were made with 20 μL of injection volume. The retention time obtained for LID was at 7.2 min and PNZ was at 10.1 min(Figure 2). For the analysis of forced degradation samples, the photodiode array detector was used in scan mode with a scan range of 200–400 nm.
Preparation of Standard solution and calibration graphs
Stock solutions of PNZ (100 μg/mL) and LID(100 μg/mL) was prepared by transferring 100 mg each of PNZ standard and LID standard in separate 50 mL volumetric flasks, dissolved in 25 mL of methanol and made up to volume using the same. PNZ were transferred to a series of 10 ml volumetric flasks in the range of 50% to 150% and diluted up to the mark with mobile phase. LID were transferred to a series of 10 ml volumetric flasks in the range of 10% to 70% and diluted up to the mark with mobile phase. The prepared dilutions were injected in series, peak area was calculated for each dilution, and concentration was plotted against peak area.
Preparation of sample solution
Weigh accurately about sample equivalent to 50mg of LID HCl and 200mg of PNZ into a 100ml volumetric flask, add 80 ml of methanol disperse the sample by shaking the flask and sonicate for 3 to 5 min, cool to room temperature and make up to the volume with methanol.
Dilute 5ml of above solution to 100ml diluent and mix well. The solution was filtered using 0.45 µm filter (Mill filter, Milford, MA). From filtrate, dilution was made to obtain the final concentration and the amount of LID and PNZ was determined. The assay procedure was repeated for six times.
Method validation
The method was validated for its linearity range, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity. Method validation is carried out as per ICH guidelines.
Precision
Intra- and inter day precisions of the methods were determined by performing replicate (n=3) analyses of standards and samples. This procedure was replicated on different days (n=3). Recovery studies by standard addition method were performed in view of justifying accuracy of the proposed methods. Previously analysed samples containing LID and PNZ was spiked with standard LID and PNZ, and the mixtures were analysed in triplicate (n=3) by proposed methods. Precision was calculated from percentage relative standard deviation (RSD%) for repeated measurements, whereas accuracy was expressed as % of recovery.
Robustness and ruggedness of the method
Robustness of the method was studied by making deliberate variations in the chromatographic conditions and effects on the peak areas were recovered. Different chromatographic parameters such as variations in flow rate, column oven temperature, mobile phase composition and change in pH of mobile phase were made. It was performed using PNZ and LID HCl, the effects on the peak areas were recorded. The each parameter was repeated for six times..
Six sample preparations of PNZ and LID HCl were analyzed by a different analyst, using different column, on different day and injected in to a different HPLC system using same operational and environmental conditions.
Limit of detection and limit of quantitation
Sensitivity of the proposed method was estimated in terms of Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantitation (LOQ). For study of sensitivity of the method lower part of the linearity curve was selected. From the stock solution, six different concentrations in the range of 10,20,30,40,50 µg/mL for PNZ and 2,4,6,8,10 µg/mL for LID were prepared and injected into the column. Each concentration was injected into column for three times, and peak area was recorded. The LOD was calculated using formula LOD = 3.3 ASD /S and LOQ = 10 ASD/S, where ASD is the average standard deviation and S is the slope of the corresponding calibration curve line.
Specificity
Specificity is a procedure to detect quantitatively the analyte in presence of component that may be expected to be present in the sample matrix, while selectivity is the procedure to detect qualitatively the analyte in presence of components that may be expected to be present in the sample matrix.
The method is quite selective. There was no other interfering peak around the retention time of PNZ and LID; also the base line did not show any significant noise.
System suitability
Separate variable was set and mobile phase was allowed to saturate the column at 2.0 ml/min. After complete saturation of column, six replicates of working standard of LID HCl and PNZ were injected. They are used to verify the suitability for the resolution and reproducibility of the chromatographic system.
Forced degradation studies
A stock solution containing 10 mg for PNZ and 10 mg of LID in 10 mL methanol was prepared. This solution was used for forced degradation to provide an indication of the stability-indicating property of the method.
Acid degradation
PNZ and LID solution treated with 1 mL of 1 M methanolic HCl. The solutions were kept at room temperature for 8 hr. The solution was diluted with the mobile phase to reach a final concentration of 50 μg/mL of PNZ and LID and injected to the column.
Base degradation
PNZ and LID solution treated with 1 M methanolic NaOH. The solutions were kept at room temperature for 8 hr. The solution was diluted with the mobile phase to reach a final concentration of 50 μg/mL of PNZ and LID and injected.
Oxidative degradation
PNZ and LID solution was treated with 1 mL of hydrogen peroxide 10%. The solution was kept at room temperature for 8hr. Both solutions were kept protected from light. After the specified time intervals, the solutions were diluted with the mobile phase to reach a final concentration of 50 μg/mL of PNZ and LID. After the previous treatments, the solutions were filtered with a 0.45-μm filtration disc prior to injection to the column.
Photochemical degradation
The drug solution was left in sunlight for 8h. The resultant solution was treated as described for hydrogen peroxide-induced degradation.
Dry heat degradation
The powdered drug was stored for 3h under dry heat conditions at 55°C. In UV, 10 mg sample was dissolved methanol and volume made up to 10 ml. The solution was diluted with the mobile phase to reach a final concentration of 50 μg/mL PNZ and LID. The chromatograms were run by injecting the sample in the column.
Result and Discussion
Optimization of procedures
Initially, combination of acetonitrile and water (50:50 v/v) was tried as mobile phase but broadening of the peak was observed. Then, pH of the mobile phase was adjusted to 3.0, the chromatogram showed fronting and splitting. To overcome the problem combination of phosphate buffer: acetonitrile: methanol (70:20:10v/v/v) was tried for resolution of PNZ and LID. Good resolution and symmetric peak was obtained for PNZ and LID when the pH of the mobile phase was adjusted to 2.5 and column oven temperature was kept at 300C. Under these optimum chromatographic conditions, the retention time for LID was found to be 7.2 ± 0.02 min and PNZ found to be 10.1 ± 0.02 min at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The detection was carried out at 230 nm.
Linearity
Linearity was studied by injecting eleven concentrations of standard PNZ (50-150 μg/mL)and eight concentrations of standard LID (10-80 μg/mL) in triplicate. Peak area versus concentration data was performed by least square linear regression analysis, whereby slope, intercept, and correlation coefficient were determined.
Precision
Precision was determined as intra-day and inter-day variations.
Intra-day variation of the method was performed by analyzing, the three different concentrations 60 mg/mL, 80 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL of PNZ and 15 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL of LID, for three times in the same day. Inter-day variations of the method were performed by analyzing the same concentrations for the period of the three consecutive days over a period of week. % R.S.D. was found less than 2 which indicates method is more precise.
Robustness and ruggedness of the method
The results of robustness testing showed that little change of method conditions, such as pH of the mobile phase, composition of the mobile phase, temperature, flow rate, and wavelength, does not affect the method significantly, and so it is robust within the acceptable limits. Percent of recovery was within the range of for LID 99.0% to 101.0% and for PNZ was found to be 99.65-101.23%. The % R.S.D. less than two values indicated robustness of the method.
The ruggedness of the proposed method was evaluated by two different HPLC. The results for LID was found to be 99.88% and 100.12% respectively and for PNZ was found to be 99.23% and 101.12% respectively
LOD and LOQ
Detection limit and quantification limit was calculated by the method as described in Section 2.5.3.2 LOD and LOQ for LID was found to be 0.45 µg and 0.79 µg and for PNZ was found to be 0.68 µg and 0.94 µg respectively.
Recovery studies
To the preanalysed solutions a known amount of standard drug solutions of PNZ and LID at 50%, 100% and 150% levels were added. % RSD of recovery study for was found to be for LID 0.68-1.38 and for PNZ was found to be 0.88-1.48, which indicated that the method is accurate.
System suitability
System suitability tests were also carried out to verify reproducibility. The parameters such as capacity factor (K), injection repeatability tailing factor (T), theoretical plate number (N) and resolution (Rs) for the principal peak and its degradation product were tested on a20 µg/mL of LID and 80 µg/mL of PNZ to assist the accuracy and precision of the developed HPLC system. The results are as shown in Table 1.
Summary of validation parameter are as shown in ? Table 2.
Table 1
System suitability
|
System Suitability Parameters |
LID HCL |
PNZ |
|
Retention time (TR) |
7.2 |
10.10 |
|
Capacity factor (K ’) |
0.86 |
0.92 |
|
Theoretical plate (N) |
12372 |
11785 |
|
Tailing factor (T) |
1.13 |
1.08 |
Table 2
Summary of validation parameter
Table 3
Forced degradation studies of LID HCL and PNZ
Stability- indicating property
The chromatogram of samples degraded with acid, base, hydrogen peroxide and light showed well separated peaks of pure PNZ, LID as well as some additional peaks at different Retention time. PNZ and LID was successfully separated from all the degradation products as confirmed by the resolution values calculated for each chromatogram. From the chromatograms of the degradation products, the peak of the degradation products was not interfering with the peaks of drugs products and these degradation studies showed that the developed stability indicating method is specific. The number of degradation product with their retention time values are as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. Content of PNZ and LID remained, and percentage recovery were calculated and listed in Table 3.
Analysis of the marketed formulation
Six replicate determinations were performed on the commercially available formulation. For LID recovery was found to be 99.66±0.56% and for PNZ recovery was found to be 100.16±0.46%. There was No interference was observed from the excipients commonly present in the ear drop. It may, therefore, be inferred that degradation of PNZ and LID have not occurred in the marketed formulations analysed by this method. The low RSD indicated that the method is suitable for routine estimation of LID and PNZ in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Conclusion
The proposed HPLC method provide simple, accurate and reproducible quantitative analysis for determination of PNZ and LID and in tablet. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. As the method could effectively separate the drugs from their degradation products; therefore, it can be employed as a stability indicating study.